CST vs Big Bang

Origin of Space

Infinite, eternally existing spacetime

Space created in a singularity ~13.8 billion years ago

Origin of Matter

Continuous Hydrogen Genesis from spacetime filaments

All matter formed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang

Expansion Events

Multiple localized galactic expansions

Single universe-wide expansion event

Expansion Center

Each expansion has a defined center (a black hole origin)

No center; space expands uniformly everywhere

Inflation

Not required; natural expansion via black hole repulsion

Requires superluminal inflation driven by hypothetical inflaton field

Need for Dark Matter

Potentially explained by expansion geometry and curvature

Requires exotic, undetected particles to explain galaxy rotation and structure

Explanation for CMB

Localized background radiation from previous expansion; variations expected

Relic of a universal hot phase; some anomalies remain unexplained

Early Galaxy Formation

Expected due to early local expansions

Problematic; mature galaxies appear too soon after Big Bang

Mathematical Basis

Built on black holes, quantum fields, and general relativity

Relies on inflation, fine-tuning, and multiple hypothetical components

Cosmic Age

Indeterminate; the cosmos has no beginning

~13.8 billion years since singular creation event

Uniformity of Universe

Local uniformity within expansion zones; diversity between them

Requires near-perfect uniformity across the entire observable universe

Hubble Tension

Natural outcome of differing local expansion rates

Ongoing problem; requires new physics or calibration adjustments

Galactic Structures

Explains rings, shells, voids, and peculiar structures naturally

Often attributed to rare mergers or unlikely configurations

Ultimate Fate

Eternal cycles of creation via new galactic expansions

Heat death, Big Rip, or Big Crunch depending on unknown parameters

Testability

Makes multiple falsifiable predictions (e.g., early galaxies, anisotropic voids, hydrogen clouds)

Many components are now beyond experimental reach

Philosophical Outlook

No beginning; structure preserves cosmic memory

Time begins at singularity; no “before” or causal origin

Quantum Integration

Naturally bridges quantum fields and gravitational systems

Quantum effects limited to the earliest instant

Exotic Requirements

None; uses only known forces and particles

Requires inflation, dark matter, and dark energy as separate unknowns

Bulk Flows

Result of overlapping expansion zones; naturally expected

Difficult to reconcile with standard isotropic model

Mathematical Complexity

Simpler overall, grounded in known mechanisms

Increasingly complex to accommodate new observations